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History of Racism in Medicine


History of Racism in Medicine Banner

  • Overview
  • Faculty
  • Begin


Date & Location
Monday, July 24, 2023, 12:00 AM - Thursday, July 23, 2026, 11:59 PM, On Demand

Overview
The course is designed to equip learners with the knowledge and skills needed to critically examine the use of race in medical practice and advocate for more equitable and just healthcare systems. By the end of the course, learners will understand how race has been used to classify populations, diagnose illnesses, and determine treatment options. In addition, learners will understand the root causes of health disparities. Finally, learners will identify examples of individuals who have significantly contributed to reducing health disparities.

Registration
  Release Date: June 20, 2023
  Expiration Date: June 19, 2026
  Estimated Time to Complete: 0.5 hours
  Registration Fee: FREE 

Click Begin tab to launch the activity.

Credits
AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ (0.50 hours), Non-Physician Participation Credit (0.50 hours)

Target Audience
Specialties - Non-clinical
Professions - Advance Practice Nurse (APN), Fellow/Resident, Non-Physician, Nurse, Physician, Registered Nurse (RN), Student

Objectives
At the conclusion of this activity, learners should be able to:

  1. Explain the biological and social evolvement of race in medicine.
  2. Discuss how race was used in clinical diagnosis and decision-making and the implications for health and health care disparities.
  3. Identify examples of individuals who have made contributions to reduce health disparities.

Accreditation

In support of improving patient care, Stanford Medicine is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. 

Credit Designation 
American Medical Association (AMA) 
Stanford Medicine designates this Enduring Material for a maximum of 0.50 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditsTM.  Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. 

American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) 
Stanford Medicine designates this Enduring Material for a maximum of 0.50 ANCC contact hours. 


Additional Information

Accessibility Statement
 Stanford University School of Medicine is committed to ensuring that its programs, services, goods and facilities are accessible to individuals with disabilities as specified under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008.  If you have needs that require special accommodations, please contact CME.

Cultural and Linguistic Competency
The planners and speakers of this CME activity have been encouraged to address cultural issues relevant to their topic area for the purpose of complying with California Assembly Bill 1195. Moreover, the Stanford University School of Medicine Multicultural Health Portal contains many useful cultural and linguistic competency tools including culture guides, language access information and pertinent state and federal laws.  You are encouraged to visit the Multicultural Health Portal: https://laneguides.stanford.edu/multicultural-health

References/Bibliography
An, Q., Prejean, J., & Hall, H. I. (2012). Racial disparity in U.S. diagnoses of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 2000–2009. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(5), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.040
Baker R. B. (2014). The American Medical Association and Race. Virtual Mentor, 16(6):479-488. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.6.mhst1-1406.
Barr, D. A. (2005). The practitioner's dilemma: Can we use a patient's race to predict genetics, ancestry, and the expected outcomes of treatment? Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(11), 809. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-11-200512060-00009
Black Panther Party Community Survival Programs. Black Panther Party Alumni Legacy Network. (2021). Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://bppaln.org/programs
Bonham, V. L., Sellers, S. L., Gallagher, T. H., Frank, D., Odunlami, A. O., Price, E. G., & Cooper, L. A. (2009). Physicians' attitudes toward race, genetics, and clinical medicine. Genetics in Medicine, 11(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1097/gim.0b013e318195aaf4
Braun, L. (2021). Breathing race into the machine: The surprising career of the spirometer from plantation to ... Genetics. University of Minnesota Press.
Byrd, W. M., & Clayton, L. A. (2001). Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: A Historical Survey. Journal of the National Medical Association, 93(3), 11–34.
DuBois, W. E. B., & Eaton, I. (1996). The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. University of Pennsylvania Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhpfb
Dr. Amanda J. Calhoun. (2022). Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.amandajoymd.com/
Findling, M. G., Casey, L. S., Fryberg, S. A., Hafner, S., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Native Americans. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1431–1441. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13224
Gibbons, M. C. (2005). A historical overview of health disparities and the potential of eHealth solutions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7.5.e50
Hannah-Jones, N., Roper, C., Silverman, I., & Silverstein, J. (2021). The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story. Random House Large Print.
Health, United States, 1983. (1985). Annals of Internal Medicine, 103(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-103-1-168_1
Hogarth, R. A. (2017). Medicalizing Blackness: Making Racial Difference in the Atlantic World, 1780-1840. The University of North Carolina Press.
Jim Crow Era - Timeline. Ferris State University. (2022). Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/timeline/jimcrow.htm
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Founding Documents. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/44451
Joules, H. (1952). Pulmonary tuberculosis in the Rhondda Fach; an interim report of a survey of a mining community. BMJ, 2(4792), 1042–1043. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4792.1042-d
Kyere, E. (2020, July 30). Enslaved people’s health was ignored from the country’s beginning, laying the groundwork for today’s health disparities. The Conversation.
 Lampert, E. A. (2020). Enslaved Midwiv ed Midwives in the Long Eighteenth Centur es in the Long Eighteenth Century: Slavery, Reproduction, and Creolization in the Chesapeake, 1720 - 1830 (thesis). WWU Graduate School Collection.
May 17, 1954 CE: Brown v. Board. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/supreme-court-outlaws-racial-segregation-us-schools
McNeill, L. (2018, June 5). The Woman Who Challenged the Idea that Black Communities Were Destined for Disease. Smithsonian Magazine.
Molina N. (2011). Borders, laborers, and racialized medicalization Mexican immigration and US public health practices in the 20th century. American journal of public health, 101(6), 1024–1031. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300056
Panch, T., Mattie, H., & Atun, R. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and algorithmic bias: Implications for health systems. Journal of Global Health, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020318
Plessy v. Ferguson. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from  https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson
Prada-Ramallal, G., Takkouche, B., & Figueiras, A. (2019). Bias in pharmacoepidemiologic studies using secondary health care databases: A scoping review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0695-y
The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/
The Commonwealth Fund. (2022). David Blumenthal. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/person/david-blumenthal
The USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/
Tong, M. (2022, March 8). Use of race in clinical diagnosis and decision making: Overview and implications. KFF. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/use-of-race-in-clinical-diagnosis-and-decision-making-overview-and-implications/
Trevino, M., Padalecki, S., Karnad, A., Parra, A., & Nashawati, S. W. (2013). The development of a minority recruitment plan for cancer clinical trials. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education, 03(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000230
Voting Rights Act (1965). Retrieved 14, 2022, from https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act
Wallis, C. (2021, June 1). Fixing medical devices that are biased against race or gender. Scientific American. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fixing-medical-devices-that-are-biased-against-race-or-gender/
Wallis, C. (2020, June 12). Why racism, not race, is a risk factor for dying of covid-19. Scientific American. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-racism-not-race-is-a-risk-factor-for-dying-of-covid-191/
Wang, C. (2022, June 7). How structural medical racism perpetuates Asian American cancer disparities. NBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/structural-medical-racism-perpetuates-asian-american-cancer-disparitie-rcna31486.
Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. (1953). Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171(4356), 737–738. https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0
Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, June 16). Reaganomics. Wikipedia. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics#Debt_and_government_expenditures
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(8), 1152–1173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487340
Woodrow Wilson and Race. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/wilson-topics/wilson-and-race/
Skloot, R. (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Crown Publishing Group.
Yearby, R., Clark, B., & Figueroa, J. F. (2022). Structural racism in historical and modern US health care policy. Health Affairs, 41(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01466
Zhang, J., Whebell, S., Gallifant, J., Budhdeo, S., Mattie, H., Lertvittayakumjorn, P., Arias Lopez, M. P., Tiangco, B. J., Gichoya, J. W., Ashrafian, H., Celi, L. A., & Teo, J. T. (2021). An interactive dashboard to track themes, development maturity, and global equity in Clinical Artificial Intelligence Research. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.23.21266758


For CME general questions, please contact 
 
   Email: [email protected]



Mitigation of Relevant Financial Relationships


Stanford Medicine adheres to the Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education.

The content of this activity is not related to products or the business lines of an ACCME-defined ineligible company. Hence, there are no relevant financial relationships with an ACCME-defined ineligible company for anyone who was in control of the content of this activity.



Member Information
Role in activity
Nature of Relationship(s) / Name of Ineligible Company(s)
Michelle Williams, RN, PhD
Executive Director, Office of Research
Stanford Health Care
Course Director
Nothing to disclose
Sherveen Riazati
Research Scientist
Stanford Health Care
Planner
Nothing to disclose
Alice Yan
Director
Stanford Health Care
Us
Planner
Nothing to disclose
Carol Yoon
Stanford Health Care
Planner
Nothing to disclose
Cecelia Crawford, RN
Research Program Manager
Stanford Health Care, ORPCS, PCS
Reviewer
Nothing to disclose

History of Racism in Medicine Module v2
INSTRUCTIONS:  Click Launch Module to begin the activity. Next, click Claim CME. Attest to your participation, view results, and complete the evaluation. After successful completion, your credit transcript will be available to view and download immediately in MY CE portal. 

Can’t find the evaluation? Click the MY CE button and select the Evaluation and Certificates tile. Select the Complete Evaluation button associated with the activity.
Launch Module Claim CE

 

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