Pediatric Grand Rounds (RECORDING) Plumbers Perspective on Leaky Pipes: Enhancing Equity, Diversity and Inclusion

This presentation is a recording of a Stanford Pediatric Grand Rounds Session.  World-renowned experts will present the latest research, practice guidelines, and treatment protocols to advance best practices in the care of pediatric patients. These online recordings will provide pediatricians and family physicians with up-to-date clinical information on a wide range of clinical issues encountered in daily pediatric practice. In this session, we discuss a female surgeon's perspective on the challenges that may contribute to the lack of equity of women and underrepresented minorities in subspecialties and leadership positions.

  Release Date: June 30, 2023
  Expiration Date: June 29, 2024
  Estimated Time to Complete: 1.0 hour
  Registration Fee: FREE
 *Originally recorded 04/28/2023.

1. Review of current representation of women and underrepresented minorities in subspecialties.
2. Identify factors that may contribute to the loss of women along the academic ranks and in leadership positions.
3. Propose areas of opportunity to enhance equity, diversity, and inclusion.

In support of improving patient care, Stanford Medicine is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. 

Credit Designation 
American Medical Association (AMA) 
Stanford Medicine designates this Enduring Material for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits^TM.  Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Accessibility Statement
 Stanford University School of Medicine is committed to ensuring that its programs, services, goods and facilities are accessible to individuals with disabilities as specified under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008.  If you have needs that require accommodations, please contact the CME Conference Coordinator.

Cultural and Linguistic Competency
The planners and speakers of this CME activity have been encouraged to address cultural issues relevant to their topic area for the purpose of complying with California Assembly Bill 1195. Moreover, the Stanford University School of Medicine Multicultural Health Portal contains many useful cultural and linguistic competency tools including culture guides, language access information and pertinent state and federal laws.  You are encouraged to visit the Multicultural Health Portal: https://laneguides.stanford.edu/multicultural-health

References/Bibliography

Antonoff, M. B., David, E. A., Donington, J. S., Colson, Y. L., Litle, V. R., Lawton, J. S., & Burgess, N. L. (2016). Women in Thoracic Surgery: 30 Years of History. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 101(1), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.11.014

Association of American Medical Colleges. (2020). 2018-2019 The State of Women in Academic Medicine: Exploring Pathways to Equity. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/data/2018-2019-state-women-academic-medicine-exploring-pathways-equity

Association of American Medical Colleges. (2023). 2022 Physician Specialty Data Report Executive Summary. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/data/2022-physician-specialty-data-report-executive-summary

Association of American Medical Colleges. (2020). Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures 2019. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/data/figure-18-percentage-all-active-physicians-race/ethnicity-2018

Babcock, L., Recalde, M. P., & Vesterlund, L. (2018). Why Women Volunteer for Tasks That Don’t Lead to Promotions. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/07/why-women-volunteer-for-tasks-that-dont-lead-to-promotions

Barron, D. J. (2023). Commentary: Reality check: Time to address the gender gap. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 165(5), 1680-1681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.07.012

Behbehani, S., & Tulandi, T. (2015). Obstetrical complications in pregnant medical and surgical residents. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 37(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30359-5

Bennett, C. L., Baker, O., Rangel, E. L., & Marsh, R. H. (2020). The Gender Gap in Surgical Residencies. JAMA surgery, 155(9), 893–894. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2020.2171

Cabrera, D., Roy, D., & Chisolm, M. S. (2018). Social Media Scholarship and Alternative Metrics for Academic Promotion and Tenure. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR, 15(1 Pt B), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.09.012

Castillo-Angeles, M., Smink, D. S., & Rangel, E. L. (2022). Perspectives of General Surgery Program Directors on Paternity Leave During Surgical Training. JAMA surgery, 157(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.6223

Catenaccio, E., Rochlin, J. M., & Simon, H. K. (2022). Addressing Gender-Based Disparities in Earning Potential in Academic Medicine. JAMA network open, 5(2), e220067. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0067

Cawcutt, K. A., Clance, P., & Jain, S. (2021). Bias, Burnout, and Imposter Phenomenon: The Negative Impact of Under-Recognized Intersectionality. Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.), 2(1), 643–647. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2021.0138

Erkmen, C., & Louis, C. (2023). Vivien Thomas Symposium: Putting Diversity, Equity and Inclusion into Action for our Patients. STS 2023, 59th Annual Meeting of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Jan. 21-23, San Diego, California. https://www.eventscribe.net/2023/STS/fsPopup.asp?PresentationID=1155137&mode=sessionInfo

Fassiotto, M., Simard, C., Sandborg, C., Valantine, H., & Raymond, J. (2018). An Integrated Career Coaching and Time-Banking System Promoting Flexibility, Wellness, and Success: A Pilot Program at Stanford University School of Medicine. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 93(6), 881–887. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002121

Goldberg, E. (2019). When the Surgeon Is a Mom. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/science/doctors-surgery-motherhood-medical-school.html

Gottlieb, A. S., & Jagsi, R. (2021). Closing the Gender Pay Gap in Medicine. The New England journal of medicine, 385(27), 2501–2504. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2114955

Greenwood, B. N., Carnahan, S., & Huang, L. (2018). Patient-physician gender concordance and increased mortality among female heart attack patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(34), 8569–8574. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800097115

Jagsi, R., Means, O., Lautenberger, D., Jones, R. D., Griffith, K. A., Flotte, T. R., Gordon, L. K., Rexrode, K. M., Wagner, L. W., & Chatterjee, A. (2020). Women's Representation Among Members and Leaders of National Medical Specialty Societies. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 95(7), 1043–1049. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003038

Logghe, H., Jones, C., McCoubrey, A., & Fitzgerald, E. (2017). #ILookLikeASurgeon: embracing diversity to improve patient outcomes. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 359, j4653. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4653

Madriago, E. J., & Ronai, C. (2020). Virtual Cardiology-Views From a Muted Microphone. JAMA cardiology, 5(11), 1211–1212. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2703

Merchant, J. L., & Omary, M. B. (2010). Underrepresentation of underrepresented minorities in academic medicine: the need to enhance the pipeline and the pipe. Gastroenterology, 138(1), 19–26.e263. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.017

Myers, C. G., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2018). How Discrimination Against Female Doctors Hurts Patients. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/08/how-discrimination-against-female-doctors-hurts-patients

Pham, D. T., Stephens, E. H., Antonoff, M. B., Colson, Y. L., Dildy, G. A., Gaur, P., Correa, A. M., Litle, V. R., & Blackmon, S. H. (2014). Birth trends and factors affecting childbearing among thoracic surgeons. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 98(3), 890–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.041

Pringle, R. (1998). Sex and Medicine: Gender, Power and Authority in the Medical Profession. Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, IBSN: 9780521578127.

Rangel, E. L., Smink, D. S., Castillo-Angeles, M., Kwakye, G., Changala, M., Haider, A. H., & Doherty, G. M. (2018). Pregnancy and Motherhood During Surgical Training. JAMA surgery, 153(7), 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2018.0153

Sinha, R., Brimacombe, M., & Romano, J. C. (2023). Impact of gender in congenital heart surgery: Results from a national survey. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 165(5), 1669–1677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.06.005

Sinha, R., Herbst, K., & Romano, J. C. (2022). Status of women in congenital heart surgery: Results from a national survey. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 164(6), e513–e522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.09.069

Spector, N. D., Asante, P. A., Marcelin, J. R., Poorman, J. A., Larson, A. R., Salles, A., 
Oxentenko, A. S., & Silver, J. K. (2019). Women in Pediatrics: Progress, Barriers, and Opportunities for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20192149. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2149

Stephens, E. H., Robich, M. P., Walters, D. M., DeNino, W. F., Aftab, M., Tchantchaleishvili, V., Eilers, A. L., Rice, R. D., Goldstone, A. B., Shlestad, R. C., Malas, T., Cevasco, M., Gillaspie, E. A., Fiedler, A. G., LaPar, D. J., & Shah, A. A. (2016). Gender and Cardiothoracic Surgery Training: Specialty Interests, Satisfaction, and Career Pathways. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 102(1), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.03.043

St-Pierre, F., & Warsame, R. (2020). Nuances of the Female Nurse-Physician Relationship: An Evolution Across Time. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 95(5), 1040–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.10.016

Torres, M. B., Salles, A., & Cochran, A. (2019). Recognizing and Reacting to Microaggressions in Medicine and Surgery. JAMA surgery, 154(9), 868–872. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.1648

Tsugawa, Y., Jena, A. B., Figueroa, J. F., Orav, E. J., Blumenthal, D. M., & Jha, A. K. (2017). Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates for Medicare Patients Treated by Male vs Female Physicians. JAMA internal medicine, 177(2), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7875

Wehner, M. R., Li, Y., & Nead, K. T. (2020). Comparison of the Proportions of Female and Male Corresponding Authors in Preprint Research Repositories Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA network open, 3(9), e2020335. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20335

Woitowich, N. C., Jain, S., Arora, V. M., & Joffe, H. (2021). COVID-19 Threatens Progress Toward Gender Equity Within Academic Medicine. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 96(6), 813–816. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003782

Xierali, I. M., Nivet, M. A., Syed, Z. A., Shakil, A., & Schneider, F. D. (2021). Recent Trends in Faculty Promotion in U.S. Medical Schools: Implications for Recruitment, Retention, and Diversity and Inclusion. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 96(10), 1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004188

Yoo, A., George, B. P., Auinger, P., Strawderman, E., & Paul, D. A. (2021). Representation of Women and Underrepresented Groups in US Academic Medicine by Specialty. JAMA network open, 4(8), e2123512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23512

For CME general questions, please contact 
     Email: [email protected]

Mitigation of Relevant Financial Relationships

Stanford Medicine adheres to the Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education. 

There are no relevant financial relationships with ACCME-defined ineligible companies for anyone who was in control of the content of this activity, except those listed in the table below. All of the relevant financial relationships listed for these individuals have been mitigated.

Member Information

Role in activity

Nature of Relationship(s) / Name of Ineligible Company(s)

Alan R. Schroeder, MD
Clinical Professor
Stanford University

Co-Course Director

Olivera Marsenic Couloures, MD
LPCH

Course Director and Reviewer

Nothing to disclose

Jennifer C Romano, MD, MS
Professor
University of Michigan

Faculty

Nothing to disclose

Debra Babcock, MD
Stanford Childrens (PCHA)

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Lisa Jo Chamberlain, MD
Professor of Pediatrics – General Pediatrics
Stanford Children's Health

Planner

Baraka Dechelle Floyd, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor and Associate Chair for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Stanford University School of Medicine

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Charles Gawad, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Stanford

Planner

Allison Guerin, EdD
Stanford

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Mary Beth Leonard, MD, MSCE
Arline and Pete Harman Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics
Stanford University

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Ryan Lion, MD, MS
Stanford University

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Lauren E O'Brien, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
LPCH

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Stephen J Roth, MPH, MD
Attending, Cardiovascular ICU
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Stephanie Squires, MD
Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellow
Stanford Health Care/ Stanford Children's Hospital

Planner

Nothing to disclose

Ke-You Zhang, MD
Stanford University

Planner

Nothing to disclose